ABSTRACT This report presents a description of the behavior of certain climatic variables, as well as some factors that regulate climate variability in the region, with the aim of providing authoritative scientific information on the state of the climate in Cuba, as well as the phenomena most relevant meteorological and climatic events that occurred during the year. In 2022, the average annual temperature exceeded the historical average for the period 1961 - 1990 (25.5 °C) by 0.88 ◦C. In such a way that it constituted the third highest since 1951 to date, which once again contributes to accentuate the upward trend observed since previous years. During the year the average relative annual level reached the highest value in its entire history with 30.85 cm. This sustained increase and widespread increase until 2022 may be giving rise to increasing pressures on coastal ecosystems. Extreme weather events continue to be one of the main causes of significant damage and losses to the economy. In 2022, Cuba was simultaneously affected by a tropical cyclone, Hurricane Ian, and by a drought that is expected to continue until next year.

RESUMEN En este reporte se presenta una descripción del comportamiento de determinadas variables climáticas, así como de algunos factores que regulan la variabilidad del clima en la región, con el objetivo de proporcionar información científica autorizada sobre el estado del clima en Cuba, así como de los fenómenos meteorológicos y climáticos más relevantes ocurridos durante el año. En el 2022 la temperatura media anual superó a la media histórica del periodo 1961 - 1990 (25.5 °C) en 0.88 ◦C. De manera tal que constituyó la tercera más alta desde 1951 hasta la fecha, lo que contribuye una vez más a acentuar la tendencia al incremento observada desde años anteriores. Durante el año el nivel medio anual relativo, alcanzó el valor más alto de toda su historia con 30.85 cm. Este incremento sostenido y generalizado aumento hasta el 2022 pueden estar dando lugar a crecientes presiones sobre los ecosistemas costeros. Los fenómenos meteorológicos extremos siguen siendo uno de los principales causantes de importantes de daños y pérdidas en la economía. En el 2022, Cuba fue afectada simultáneamente por una baja tropical, el huracán Ian y por una sequía que se prevee continúe hasta el próximo año.

BACKGROUND Vaccine development is a laborious craftwork in which at least two main components must be defined: a highly immunogenic antigen and a suitable delivery method. Hence, the interplay of these elements could elicit the required immune response to cope with the targeted pathogen with a long-lasting protective capacity. OBJECTIVES Here we evaluate the properties of Escherichia coli spherical proteoliposomes - known as outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) - as particles with natural adjuvant capacities and as antigen-carrier structures to assemble an innovative prophylactic vaccine for Chagas disease. METHODS To achieve this, genetic manipulation was carried out on E. coli using an engineered plasmid containing the Tc24 Trypanosoma cruzi antigen. The goal was to induce the release of OMVs displaying the parasite protein on their surface. FINDINGS As a proof of principle, we observed that native OMVs - as well as those carrying the T. cruzi antigen - were able to trigger a slight, but functional humoral response at low immunization doses. Of note, compared to the non-immunized group, native OMVs-vaccinated animals survived the lethal challenge and showed minor parasitemia values, suggesting a possible involvement of innate trained immunity mechanism. MAIN CONCLUSION These results open the range for further research on the design of new carrier strategies focused on innate immunity activation as an additional immunization target and venture to seek for alternative forms in which OMVs could be used for optimizing vaccine development.

RESUMO: O presente estudo foi conduzido para investigar a soroprevalência em 20 fazendas de criação extensiva de ovinos quanto à presença de anticorpos para Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis (n=402) e Toxoplasma gondii (n=228). Ensaio de imunoabsorção enzimático (ELISA) foi utilizado para a detecção de anticorpos contra C. pseudotuberculosis/T. gondii. Observou-se que C. pseudotuberculosis apresentou a maior prevalência na região (34,07%), com presença estatisticamente significante (p <0,05) nas categorias de ovelha. Anticorpos contra T. gondii foram encontrados em 14,91% dos animais estudados. Sobre a coinfecção de C. pseudotuberculosis/T. gondii, as categorias carneiro apresentaram diferenças significativas (p <0,05), sugerindo que esse gênero poderia perpetuar as doenças nos rebanhos. Concluiu-se que o conhecimento sobre as doenças na região em estudo facilitaria a execução de medidas profiláticas, principalmente contra as doenças que apresentam riscos à saúde pública e causam danos ao produtor.

ABSTRACT: The present study was conducted to investigate in 20 extensive sheep farms for the seroprevalence of Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis (n=402) and Toxoplasma gondii (n=228). Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used for the detection of antibodies to C. pseudotuberculosis/T. gondii. It was observed that C. pseudotuberculosis showed the highest prevalence in the region (34.07%) with statistically significant presence (p<0.05) in ewes. Antibodies to T. gondii was reported in 14.91% of the animals studied. About C. pseudotuberculosis/T. gondii coinfection the categories of rams showed significant (p<0.05) differences, suggesting that this gender could perpetuate the diseases in the flocks. It was concluded that the knowledge about the diseases in the region under study would facilitate the execution of prophylactic measures, especially against the diseases that pose risks to the public health and cause damages to the producer.

Abstract: The present study evaluated incidence, severity, and viral frequency by means of ELISA of luteovirus, Beet western yellows virus (BWYV), Cucumovirus, cucumber mosaic virus (CMV), Potyvirus, lettuce mosaic virus (LMV), Alfamovirus, alfalfa mosaic virus (AMV), and tospovirus, Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV). Experimental randomized complete block design was used, with three replicate. Plus, a multiple comparison of means with Tukey P < 0.05. Virus severity and incidence was different depending of the planting date and the locality. Second planting date, in Pedro Escobedo county, Qro., Mexico, presented the highest severity and incidence. BWYV, CMV, LMV, AMV and TSWV viruses were detected, at 9.8%, 23.6% 0.9% 2.2% and 9.3%, respectively.

Resumen: En el presente estudio se evaluó la incidencia, severidad y frecuencia mediante la técnica de inmuno-absorción enzimática (ELISA) del luteovirus, virus del amarillamiento occidental de la remolacha (Beet western yellows virus [BWYV]), el cucumovirus, virus mosaico del pepino (Cucumber mosaic virus [CMV]), el potyvirus, virus mosaico de la lechuga (Lettuce mosaic virus [LMV]), el alfamovirus, virus mosaico de la alfalfa (Alfalfa mosaic virus [AMV]) y el tospovirus, virus de la marchitez manchada del tomate (Tomato spotted wilt virus [TSWV]). Se utilizó un diseño de bloques completamente al azar, con tres repeticiones. La comparación múltiple de medias con Tukey P< 0.05. La severidad e incidencia de virosis varía en cada fecha de plantación y localidad, siendo la segunda fecha de plantación, en la localidad de Pedro Escobedo, donde se presentó la mayor severidad e incidencia de virosis; además, la frecuencia de los virus BWYV, CMV, LMV, AMV y TSWV fue de 9.8%, 23.6%, 0.9%, 2.2% y 9.3%, respectivamente.

INTRODUÇÃO E OBJETIVO: A relação entre as proteínas de choque térmico (Hsp) e hábitos de atividade física não foram estudadas em profundidade, o que levanta a questão sobre o papel destas proteínas desempenham na saúde das pessoas. Com base nessa incerteza, este estudo visa determinar se os níveis plasmáticos dessas proteínas são modificados de acordo com os hábitos de atividade física. MÉTODOS: Amostras de sangue foram coletadas para estudar a concentração de Hsp, através do teste de ELISA e aplicação do Questionário Internacional de Atividade Física (IPAQ) para determinar hábitos de atividade física. A análise estatística comparou a média de Hsp (variáveis categóricas), utilizando-se ANOVA, a correlação (Spearman) foi estudada para variáveis contínuas e um modelo de regressão linear múltipla foi desenvolvido para determinar o efeito de cada uma das variáveis independentes sobre as concentrações de Hsp. RESULTADOS: Para esta amostra, não foram encontradas diferenças estatisticamente significativas nas concentrações de Hsp entre sedentários e ativos, no entanto, observou-se como sujeitos tornam-se mais ativos se reduzem as concentrações Hsp. Não foi demonstrada correlação entre gasto de energia e os níveis de Hsp. Na população masculina foram encontradas diferenças significativas entre os níveis de Hsp e hábitos de atividade física (medido em três categorias). CONCLUSÃO: Mais pesquisas são propostas, pois o estudo sugere que a prática de atividade física regular atua como um fator protetor para a saúde, reduzindo a presença dessas proteínas no sangue.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVE: The relationship between heat shock proteins (Hsp) and physical activity habits has not been studied in depth, which raises the question about the role these proteins play in health. Based on this uncertainty, this study aims to determine whether plasma levels of these proteins are modified according to the physical activity habits. METHOD: Twenty-four blood samples were taken to study the Hsp concentration, by ELISA test, and the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) was applied to determine physical activity habits. In the statistical analysis, were compared the Hsp average (categorical variables), using ANOVA, the correlation (Spearman) was studied for the continuous variable, also a multiple linear regression was developed in order to establish the effect of each one of the independent variables on the Hsp concentrations. RESULTS: For the studied sample, not statistically differences were found in the concentrations of Hsp, between active and sedentary subjects; however it was noticed that as individuals become more active, the levels of Hsp are reduced. The correlation between energy expense and concentration of Hsp was not found. In the male population, significant differences between the concentration of Hsp and physical activity habits were found (measured in three categories). CONCLUSION: We propose to keep investigating, because in fact the study suggests that the regular practice of physical activity acts as protective factor, reducing the levels of these kinds of proteins in the blood.

La citometría de flujo es un método analítico que permite la medición rápida de ciertas características físicas y químicas de células o partículas suspendidas en líquido que producen una señal de forma individual al interferir con una fuente de luz. Una de las características analíticas más importantes de los citómetros de flujo es su capacidad de medir múltiples parámetros celulares, como el tamaño, forma y complejidad y, por supuesto, cualquier componente celular o función que pueda ser marcada con un fluorocromo. Las aplicaciones más relevantes de la citometría de flujo en la práctica médica se relacionan con la hematología e inmunología clínicas, midiendo parámetros como número y clasificación de células sanguíneas. Esta técnica es empleada también en el conteo de subpoblaciones de linfocitos en pacientes con el virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana, así como la caracterización de leucemias agudas y síndromes linfoproliferativos crónicos, entre otros padecimientos. En los últimos 20 años, el análisis de enfermedades pulmonares de origen inmunológico por citometría de flujo ha jugado un papel importante en el entendimiento y diagnóstico de enfermedades como sarcoidosis, neumonía eosinofílica o neumonitis por hipersensibilidad. Las aplicaciones de la citometría de flujo son numerosas, lo cual ha permitido el empleo de estos instrumentos de manera amplia en los campos, tanto de la investigación biológica como médica. Esta revisión brinda un panorama general de los principios básicos de la citometría de flujo y la muestra como una herramienta reproducible y aplicable a una gran variedad de campos médicos, así como su empleo en el campo de las enfermedades pulmonares.

El artículo presenta el análisis sobre los elementos básicos del modelo de adaptación, que viene realizando el grupo de estudio de la Facultad de Enfermería. Partiendo de una revisión histórica, de los principios filosóficos y científicos que sustentan el modelo, se abordan conceptos como sistema adaptativo humano, ambiente, estímulos, mecanismos de enfrentamiento, nivel de adaptación, salud y meta de enfermería, los cuales orientan el cuidado, teniendo en cuenta la autodeterminación de la persona y los mecanismos que emplea para lograr su adaptación.

The article presents an analysis of basic elements of the adaptation model, carried out by the study group of the Nursing Faculty. From a philosophic and scientific historical review of the Model's principles, concepts such as human adaptive system, environment, stimuli, coping mechanisms, adaptation level, health and nursing goal are approached, considering self-determination and personal mechanisms to reach an adequate level of adaptation.

BACKGROUND: Amphotericin B is the treatment of choice for systemic fungal infections, however, its clinical usefulness is limited by its toxicity. The lipid formulations appear to be equally effective and safer, but are more costly. The increase in the consumption of , and expenditure on these formulas led us to undertake a study in order to identify their profile of use (quantitative and qualitative) and to assess the financial repercussions when used inappropriately. METHODS: A set of rules were developed for the use of amphotericin B, and the quality of the prescription of non-conventional amphotericin B (amphotericin B notC) was evaluated retrospectively together with the financial repercussions of its inappropriate use. RESULTS: In 54% of the treatments studied, a poor selection of amphotericin B was made; in 3.5%, the use of amphotericin B was not indicated. The excess expenditure derived from the inappropriate use amounted to 42 million pesetas, 35% of the total expenditure on medicines; the expenditure due to unnecessary prescription was 1,720,327 pesetas. CONCLUSIONS: The retrospective evaluation has shown that there is a high percentage of treatments that do not conform with the recommendations contained in the prescription rules. The holding of information sessions would assist in achieving a more efficient selection of the amphotericin B notC; this would improve prescription quality, which might also deliver significant financial savings.

FUNDAMENTO: La anfotericina B es el tratamiento de elección de las infecciones fúngicas sistémicas, pero su utilidad clínica está limitada por su toxicidad. Las formulaciones lipídicas parecen igualmente eficaces y más seguras, pero tienen un mayor coste. El incremento del consumo y del gasto de estas formulaciones nos llevo a plantear un estudio para conocer su perfil de utilización (cuantitativo y cualitativo) y evaluar la repercusión económica de su uso inapropiado. MÉTODOS: Se desarrollaron unas normas de uso de la anfotericina B y se evaluó de forma retrospectiva, la calidad de la prescripción de la anfotericina B no convencional (anfotericina B noC) y la repercusión económica de su uso incorrecto. RESULTADOS: En el 54% de los tratamientos se hizo una mala selección de anfotericina B; en el 3.5% no estaba indicada la utilización de anfotericina B. El exceso de gasto derivado de la prescripción incorrecta fue de 42 millones de pesetas, un 35% del gasto total en medicamentos; el gasto por prescripción innecesaria fue de 1.720.327 pesetas. CONCLUSIONES: La evaluación retrospectiva ha mostrado que existe un elevado porcentaje de tratamientos que no se adecuan a lo recomendado en las normas de prescripción. La puesta en marcha de intervenciones informativas permitiría realizar una selección más eficiente de la anfotericina B noC, mejorando la calidad de la prescripción, lo que podría suponer un importante ahorro económico.

BACKGROUND: Amphotericin B is the treatment of choice for systemic fungal infections, however, its clinical usefulness is limited by its toxicity. The lipid formulations appear to be equally effective and safer, but are more costly. The increase in the consumption of , and expenditure on these formulas led us to undertake a study in order to identify their profile of use (quantitative and qualitative) and to assess the financial repercussions when used inappropriately. METHODS: A set of rules were developed for the use of amphotericin B, and the quality of the prescription of non-conventional amphotericin B (amphotericin B notC) was evaluated retrospectively together with the financial repercussions of its inappropriate use. RESULTS: In 54% of the treatments studied, a poor selection of amphotericin B was made; in 3.5%, the use of amphotericin B was not indicated. The excess expenditure derived from the inappropriate use amounted to 42 million pesetas, 35% of the total expenditure on medicines; the expenditure due to unnecessary prescription was 1,720,327 pesetas. CONCLUSIONS: The retrospective evaluation has shown that there is a high percentage of treatments that do not conform with the recommendations contained in the prescription rules. The holding of information sessions would assist in achieving a more efficient selection of the amphotericin B notC; this would improve prescription quality, which might also deliver significant financial savings.

FUNDAMENTO: La anfotericina B es el tratamiento de elección de las infecciones fúngicas sistémicas, pero su utilidad clínica está limitada por su toxicidad. Las formulaciones lipídicas parecen igualmente eficaces y más seguras, pero tienen un mayor coste. El incremento del consumo y del gasto de estas formulaciones nos llevo a plantear un estudio para conocer su perfil de utilización (cuantitativo y cualitativo) y evaluar la repercusión económica de su uso inapropiado. MÉTODOS: Se desarrollaron unas normas de uso de la anfotericina B y se evaluó de forma retrospectiva, la calidad de la prescripción de la anfotericina B no convencional (anfotericina B noC) y la repercusión económica de su uso incorrecto. RESULTADOS: En el 54% de los tratamientos se hizo una mala selección de anfotericina B; en el 3.5% no estaba indicada la utilización de anfotericina B. El exceso de gasto derivado de la prescripción incorrecta fue de 42 millones de pesetas, un 35% del gasto total en medicamentos; el gasto por prescripción innecesaria fue de 1.720.327 pesetas. CONCLUSIONES: La evaluación retrospectiva ha mostrado que existe un elevado porcentaje de tratamientos que no se adecuan a lo recomendado en las normas de prescripción. La puesta en marcha de intervenciones informativas permitiría realizar una selección más eficiente de la anfotericina B noC, mejorando la calidad de la prescripción, lo que podría suponer un importante ahorro económico.